<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Жизнь Земли. Междисциплинарный научно-практический журнал</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Life of the Earth</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29003/m4692.0514-7468.2020_47_2/242-249</article-id>            <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2568</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">О вероятности появления жизни с учётом панспермии</article-title>        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the probability of the emergence of life taking panspermia into account</trans-title></trans-title-group>      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <string-name xml:lang="ru">Шигаев М.М.</string-name>              <string-name xml:lang="en">Shigaev, M.M.</string-name>            </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-28">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <volume>47</volume>      <issue>2</issue>      <fpage>242</fpage>      <lpage>249</lpage>
            <history>
                <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-28">
  <day>28</day>
  <month>05</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</date>
      </history>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>По результатам расчёта получена вероятность появлений простейшего репликатора (жизни) для некоторого конечного объёма Вселенной, с учётом различных начальных условий и простейшего репликатора разной сложности. Результаты превосходят почти на 1000 порядков аналогичные расчёты, ранее опубликованные в специализированной литературе. Основной спецификой проведённого исследования является представление о простейшем репликаторе как конфигурации из отдельных цепочек РНК (рибозимов), сформировавшейся благодаря панспермии. Сделаны выводы о неравномерном распределении жизни во Вселенной.</p></abstract>      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the results of our calculation, the appearance probability of the simplest replicator (life) has been obtained for some finite volume of the Universe, taking into account different initial conditions and the simplest replicator of different complexity. The results exceed by almost 1000 orders of magnitude similar calculations published in the specialized literature. The main specificity of this study is the idea of the simplest replicator as a configuration of individual RNA strands (ribozymes) formed due to panspermia. A conclusion about the uneven distribution of life over the Universe is drawn.</p></trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расчёт</kwd><kwd>вероятность</kwd><kwd>репликатор</kwd><kwd>сложность</kwd><kwd>рибозим</kwd><kwd>РНК</kwd><kwd>жизнь</kwd><kwd>появление жизни</kwd></kwd-group>      <kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>calculation</kwd><kwd>probability</kwd><kwd>replicator</kwd><kwd>complexity</kwd><kwd>ribozyme</kwd><kwd>RNA</kwd><kwd>life</kwd><kwd>emergence of life</kwd></kwd-group>
          </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жеребцов Н.А., Попова Т.Н., Артюхов В.Г. Биохимия. Воронеж: Изд-во Воронежского гос. ун-та, 2002. 696 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кунин Е.В. Логика случая. О природе и происхождении биологической эволюции. Мос­ква: Центрполиграф, 2014. 526 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазур В.А. Инфляционная космология и гипотеза случайного самозарождения жизни // Доклады Академии наук. 2010. Т. 431, № 2. С. 183–187.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панов А.Д. Панспермия и механизмы возникновения жизни во Вселенной // Земля и Вселенная. 2014. № 1. С. 82.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antipova O.M., Zavyalova E.G., Kopylov A.M., Golovin A.V., Pavlova G.V., Reshetnikov R.V. Advances in the application of modified nucleotides in selex technology // Biochemistry (Moscow). 2018. Т. 83, № 10. С. 1161–1172.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greatorex J., Lever A., Gallego J., Varani G. Structure and stability of wild-type and mutant RNA internal loops from the SL-1 domain of the HIV-1 packaging signal // J. of Molecular Biology. 2002. Т. 322, № 3. С. 543–557.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang W., Ferris J.P. One-step, regioselective synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA oligomers by montmorillonite catalysis // J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006. V. 128. P. 8914–8919.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li-Hung, Lin, et al. Long-Term sustainability of a high-energy, low-diversity crustal biome // Science. 2006. V. 314. P. 479–482.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lincoln T.A., Joyce G.F. Self-sustained replication of an RNA enzyme // Science. 2009. V. 323. № 5918. P. 1229–1232.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malcolm. W. McGeoch, S. Dikler, Julie E.M. McGeoch. Hemolithin: A Meteoritic Protein Containing Iron And Lithium // Astrobiology (https://astrobiology.com/2020/02/hemolithin-a-meteoritic-protein-containing-iron-and-lithium).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sczepanski J.T., Joyce G.F. A cross-chiral RNA polymerase ribozyme // Nature. 2014. V. 515. P. 440–442. DOI: 10.1038/nature13900/.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaidya N., Manapat M.L., Chen I.A.R. Xulvi-Brunet, E.J. Hayden, N. Lehman. Spontaneous network formation among cooperative RNA replicators // Nature. 2012. V. 491. P. 72–77. DOI:10.1038/nature11549/.</mixed-citation></ref>      <ref id="ref13"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zherebtsov, N.A., Popova, T.N., Artyukhov, V.G., Biohimija [Biochemistry] (Voronezh: Publishing House of Voronezh State University, 2002) (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunin, E.V., Logic of Chance. On the Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution (Moscow: Centerpoligraf, 2014) (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazur, V.A., “Inflationary Cosmology and the Hypothesis of Accidental Spontaneous Generation of Life”, Doklady RAN [Reports of the Russian Academy of Sciences] 431 (2), 183–187 (2010) (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panov, A.D., “Panspermia and the Mechanisms of the Origin of Life in the Universe”, Zemlija i Vselennaja [Earth and the Universe] 1, 82 (2014) (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antipova, O.M., Zavyalova, E.G., Kopylov, A.M., Golovin, A.V., Pavlova, G.V., Reshetnikov, R.V., “Advances in the application of modified nucleotides in selex technology”, Biochemistry 83 (10), 1161–1172 (2018).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greatorex, J., Lever, A., Gallego, J., Varani, G., “Structure and stability of wild-type and mutant RNA internal loops from the SL-1 domain of the HIV-1 packaging signal”, J. of Molecular Biology 322 (3), 543–557, (2002).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang, W., Ferris, J.P., “One-step, regioselective synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA oligomers by montmorillonite catalysis”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 8914–8919 (2006).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li-Hung, Lin, et al., “Long-Term sustainability of a high-energy, low-diversity crustal biome”, Science 314, 479–482 (2006).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lincoln, T.A., Joyce, G.F., “Self-sustained replication of an RNA enzyme”, Science 323 (5918), 1229–1232 (2009).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malcolm, W., McGeoch, S., Dikler, Julie, E.M., McGeoch, «Hemolithin: A Meteoritic Protein Containing Iron And Lithium», Astrobiology (https://astrobiology.com/2020/02/hemolithin-a-meteo­ritic-protein-containing-iron-and-lithium).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sczepanski, J.T., Joyce, G.F., “A cross-chiral RNA polymerase ribozyme”, Nature 515, 440–442 (2014). DOI:10.1038/nature13900.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaidya, N., Manapat, M.L., Chen, I.A. R. Xulvi-Brunet, E.J., Hayden, N., Lehman, “Spontaneous network formation among cooperative RNA replicators”, Nature 491, 72–77 (2012). DOI:10.1038/nature11549.</mixed-citation></ref>    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>