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Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 45, no 2
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Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 45, no 2

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10.29003/m3448.0514-7468.2023_45_2/193-208

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Abramova T.T.

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Keywords:

hardening, conservation, museumification, soil, cultural layer, strength, water resistance, injecting, chemical solutions, archaeological sites

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Abramova T.T., «Silicatization of the cultural layer soils in archaeological excavations», Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 45, no 2, 193–208 (2023) (in Russ., abstr. in Engl.). DOI: 10.29003/m3448.0514-7468.2023_45_2/193-208.

SILICATIZATION OF CULTURAL LAYER SOILS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS

The preservation and in situ museumification of archaeological objects of stratigraphic sections of cultural layer soils, whose value depends on the integrity and intactness, is a complex and underdeveloped problem. This is due to some specific properties of these soils, such as the heterogeneity of soil composition both vertically and horizontally; the diversity of inclusions, the uneven compressibility of the strata, the ability to self-compact from their weight, changes in hydrogeological conditions, soil soaking and the decomposition of organic inclusions. As a result, these soils are the most unfavorable in artificial stabilization. In the study, a wide range of soils of the cultural layer from various places with stabilization plans were examined. Our analysis of the deposits made it possible to separate these soils by geochemical features which have the highest impact on the intensity of the chemical solution’s interaction processes with the mineral component of the soil.
This chemical solution is in a family of silicate compositions with surfactants of the amide class. These organic liquid glass hardeners activate the skeletal part of the soil and provide the complete mobilization of the main cementing substance (silica gel). Pilot tests of various modifications of organo-silicate solutions were carried out at the sites of Chersonesos (Sevastopol), Tanais (Rostov region), Moscow, etc. The soils ranged from sandy to loamy with various inclusions (building stone, ceramics, bones, fish scales, shells, ash, soot, plant roots, etc.). Soil stabilization was carried out by injecting chemical solutions of various densities with the use of vertical and horizontal injections. An important finding of the work was that forming a new soil mass with improved properties was determined by the composition, properties of the soil and injection solutions, the distance from the injector and the depth of the stabilized area.
For the first time in Russia, at the center of Moscow, it was possible to preserve the soil mass in situ of the cultural layer of the 16–17th centuries and exhibit it for 32 years to visitors in the underground archaeological museum.

Список литературы

  1. Abramova, T.T., “Soils of the cultural layer of archaeological sites as objects of technical melioration”, Prospects for the development of engineering surveys in construction in the Russian Federation. Materials of the 12th All-Russian Conf. of Survey Organizations (Moscow, 2016, p. 520–523) (in Russian).
  2. Abramova, T.T., “Artificial transformation of soils of the cultural layer of Moscow”, Inzhenernaya geologiya 4, 68–72 (2012) (in Russian).
  3. Abramova, T.T., Chemical injection fixing of sandy and dusty soils with formamide-silicate solutions, PhD dissertation (Moscow, 1981) (in Russian).
  4. Abramova, T.T., “Ecological monitoring of the underground archaeological museum of Moscow”, Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 41 (3), 284–296 (2019) (in Russian).
  5. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., “Silicatization of soils of the cultural layer in the architectural and archaeological monuments of the Northern Black Sea region”, Inzhenernaya geologiya 2, 44–57 (1988) (in Russian).
  6. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., “Composition for soil stabilization”. A.s. 700583. SSSR, MPK E01D 3/14, 2617439/29-33, declared 18.05.78, published 30.11.79 (1979) (in Russian).
  7. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., Valieva, K.E., Shuvalova, L.P., Zelenskij, V.Yu., “Method for improving the efficiency of silicatization of structurally unstable soils”, Inzhenernaya geologiya 5, 26–34 (1990) (in Russian).
  8. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., Postnikova, O.N., “Composition for soil stabilization”. A.s. 1333682, SSSR, MPK E01D 3/14, 3864596/29-33, declared 06.03.85, published 30.08.87 (1987) (in Russian).
  9. Arinushkina, E.V., Soil Chemical Analysis Guide (Moscow: MSU, 1970) (in Russian).
  10. Voronkevich, S.D., Abramova, T.T., Eremina, O.N., Larionova, N.A., Samarin, E.N., “Chemical fixation of loess base soils: new approaches and solution methods”, Engineering geology: theory, practice, problems (Moscow: MSU, 1993, p. 52–71) (in Russian).
  11. Kachinskij, N.A., Mechanical and microaggregate composition of the soil, methods of its study (Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1970) (in Russian).
  12. Kotlov, F.V., Changes in the geological environment under the influence of human activities (Moscow: Nedra, 1978) (in Russian).
  13. Pashkin, E.M., Dzekczer, E.S., Nikiforov, A.A., Technogenesis and evolution of engineeringgeological and hydrogeological conditions of historical territories, Proc. of the Intern. Sci. Conf. (Moscow: MSU, 1987, p. 137–138) (in Russian).
  14. Sokolovich, V.E., Chemical stabilization of soils (Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1980) (in Russian).
  15. “SP 45.13330.2017. Set of rules. Earthworks, foundations and foundations. Updated version of SNiP 3.02.01-87” (1917) (in Russian).
  16. Abramova, T.T., Larionova, N.A., “Methods to increase the effectiveness of injective chemical stabilization of loess soils”, Engineering Geology for Society and Territory: Proc. of XII IAEG Congress (Torino: Springer International Publishing AG. Vol. 5. 2014).

References

  1. Abramova, T.T., “Soils of the cultural layer of archaeological sites as objects of technical melioration”, Prospects for the development of engineering surveys in construction in the Russian Federation. Materials of the 12th All-Russian Conf. of Survey Organizations (Moscow, 2016, p. 520–523) (in Russian).
  2. Abramova, T.T., “Artificial transformation of soils of the cultural layer of Moscow”, Inzhenernaya geologiya 4, 68–72 (2012) (in Russian).
  3. Abramova, T.T., Chemical injection fixing of sandy and dusty soils with formamide-silicate solutions, PhD dissertation (Moscow, 1981) (in Russian).
  4. Abramova, T.T., “Ecological monitoring of the underground archaeological museum of Moscow”, Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 41 (3), 284–296 (2019) (in Russian).
  5. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., “Silicatization of soils of the cultural layer in the architectural and archaeological monuments of the Northern Black Sea region”, Inzhenernaya geologiya 2, 44–57 (1988) (in Russian).
  6. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., “Composition for soil stabilization”. A.s. 700583. SSSR, MPK E01D 3/14, 2617439/29-33, declared 18.05.78, published 30.11.79 (1979) (in Russian).
  7. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., Valieva, K.E., Shuvalova, L.P., Zelenskij, V.Yu., “Method for improving the efficiency of silicatization of structurally unstable soils”, Inzhenernaya geologiya 5, 26–34 (1990) (in Russian).
  8. Abramova, T.T., Voronkevich, S.D., Postnikova, O.N., “Composition for soil stabilization”. A.s. 1333682, SSSR, MPK E01D 3/14, 3864596/29-33, declared 06.03.85, published 30.08.87 (1987) (in Russian).
  9. Arinushkina, E.V., Soil Chemical Analysis Guide (Moscow: MSU, 1970) (in Russian).
  10. Voronkevich, S.D., Abramova, T.T., Eremina, O.N., Larionova, N.A., Samarin, E.N., “Chemical fixation of loess base soils: new approaches and solution methods”, Engineering geology: theory, practice, problems (Moscow: MSU, 1993, p. 52–71) (in Russian).
  11. Kachinskij, N.A., Mechanical and microaggregate composition of the soil, methods of its study (Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1970) (in Russian).
  12. Kotlov, F.V., Changes in the geological environment under the influence of human activities (Moscow: Nedra, 1978) (in Russian).
  13. Pashkin, E.M., Dzekczer, E.S., Nikiforov, A.A., Technogenesis and evolution of engineeringgeological and hydrogeological conditions of historical territories, Proc. of the Intern. Sci. Conf. (Moscow: MSU, 1987, p. 137–138) (in Russian).
  14. Sokolovich, V.E., Chemical stabilization of soils (Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1980) (in Russian).
  15. “SP 45.13330.2017. Set of rules. Earthworks, foundations and foundations. Updated version of SNiP 3.02.01-87” (1917) (in Russian).
  16. Abramova, T.T., Larionova, N.A., “Methods to increase the effectiveness of injective chemical stabilization of loess soils”, Engineering Geology for Society and Territory: Proc. of XII IAEG Congress (Torino: Springer International Publishing AG. Vol. 5. 2014).