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Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 48, no 3

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Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 48, no 3

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10.29003/m5448.0514-7468.2026_48_3/349-360

EDN RIQURQ

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Authors:

Bogatyrev, L.G., Pogozhev, E.Yu., Kuznetsov, V.A., V.M.Telesnina, Semenyuk, O.V., Benediktova, A.I., Karpukhin, M.M., Bulanova, A.A., Demin, V.V.

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morphogenesis, elementary soil processes, soil formation, terminology, factors of soil formation
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pp. 349–360

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Bogatyrev, L.G., Pogozhev, E.Yu., Kuznetsov, V.A., Telesnina, V.M., Semenyuk, O.V., Benediktova, A.I., Karpukhin, M.M., Bulanova, A.A., Demin, V.V., “On the relationship between the notions of Phenomenon and Process in soil science”, Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 48, no 3, 349–360 (2026) (in Russ., abstr. in Engl.). DOI: 10.29003/m5448.0514-7468.2026_48_3/349-360.

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On the relationship between the notions of Phenomenon and Process in soil science

L.G. Bogatyrev1, PhD, E.Yu. Pogozhev2, PhD, V.A. Kuznetsov1, PhD, V.M.Telesnina1, PhD, O.V. Semenyuk1, PhD, A.I. Benediktova1, PhD, M.M. Karpukhin3, PhD, A.A. Bulanova1, V.V. Demin1, PhD
1 Lomonosov Moscow State University (Faculty of Soil Science)2 Lomonosov Moscow State University (Earth Science Museum)3 Lomonosov Moscow State University (Faculty of Geology)

Classical soil science still faces terminological ambiguity surrounding the notions of “phenomenon” and “process.” This study analyzes this persistent ambiguity within the framework of classical pedology. Although the concept of elementary soil processes offers a comprehensive framework, it originally delineates no clear boundary between these two categories. Drawing on the foundational works by V.I. Vernadsky, N.M. Sibirtsev, K.K. Giedroić, and V.R. Williams, we trace the evolution of conceptual models, namely: from I.P. Gerasimov’s classical triad of “properties–processes–factors” to E.V. Lobova’s “factors–processes–properties” principle, and finally to V.O. Targulian’s “factors–processes–solid-phase product–properties” tetrad, which reflects both process-oriented and morphogenetic approaches. We define a soil phenomenon as a material manifestation of processes, preserved in the morphological or chemical composition of the soil profile. We propose a seven-component classification of soil phenomena, namely: (1) specific to global soil sectors as defined by I.A. Sokolov (humid, arid, volcanic, and polar); (2) non-soil and non-landscape (aridification, epeirogenic uplift, and dust storms); (3) universal, identifiable irrespective of zonal context (weathering, humus formation); (4) anthropogenic (irrigation, drainage, and technogenic erosion); (5) driven by annual or seasonal hydrothermal conditions (thixotropy, mottling, and variable carbonate effervescence); (6) closely mirroring observable processes (water movement in lysimeters, forest litter formation); and (7) derived from material composition to develop conceptual frameworks (podzolization, allitization, and ferralitization). Our study underscores the necessity of distinguishing soil, geological, atmospheric and hydrological processes when interpreting soil phenomena.

Список литературы

  1. Bogatyrev, L.G., Benediktova, A.I., Zemskov, F.I., Demin, V.V., Karpukhin, M.M., “Scientific continuity in Russian soil science”, Eurasian Soil Science 9, 1187–1198 (2022) (in Russian).
  2. Vernadsky, V.I., Selected Works on the History of Science (Moscow: Nauka, 1981) (in Russian).
  3. Vernadsky, V.I., Collected Works: in 24 vols. Еd. by E.M. Galimov (Moscow: Nauka, 2013) (in Russian).
  4. Williams, V.R., Collected Works: in 12 vols (Moscow: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1951) (in Russian).
  5. Vtyurin, B.I., Vtyurina, E.A., “Principles of classification of lithocryogenic processes and phenomena”, Geomorphology 3, 13–22 (1980) (in Russian).
  6. Giedroyć, K.K., The Theory of Soil Absorption Capacity (Moscow: Gosselkhozizdat, 1929) (in Russian).
  7. Gerasimov, I.P., “FAO–UNESCO world soil units in the light of the concept of elementary soil processes (ESP)”, Eurasian Soil Science 4, 3–15 (1980) (in Russian).
  8. Gerasimov, I.P., “Experience in genetic diagnostics of USSR soils based on elementary soil processes”, Eurasian Soil Science 5, 19–32 (1975) (in Russian).
  9. Gerasimov, I.P., “Elementary soil processes as a basis for genetic soil diagnostics”, Eurasian Soil Science 5, 102–114 (1973) (in Russian).
  10. Glazovskaya, M.A., “On the problem of the relative age of subaerial mountain-meadow and mountain-forest soils of the Tien Shan”, Eurasian Soil Science 12, 1423–1435 (2005) (in Russian).
  11. Glazovskaya, M.A., Parfenova, E.I., ” B.B. Polynov’s role in the development of modern soil science (on the 100th anniversary of his birth)”, Eurasian Soil Science 4, 3–12 (1977) (in Russian).
  12. Humic Substances in the Biosphere: Proc. of the VII All-Russian Sci. Conf., Moscow, December 04–08, 2018 (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2018) (in Russian).
  13. Ivanov, V.V., Bogatyrev, L.G., “On the characterization of the gleying process in tundra soils”, Bull. of Moscow University. Series 16: Biol. 6, 72–77 (1970) (in Russian).
  14. Ilichev, B.A., “Distinctive morphological features of pale-podzolic soils”, Eurasian Soil Science 1, 23–31 (1981) (in Russian).
  15. Kovda, V.A., “Controversial and indisputable issues (a response to B.V. Fedorov)”, Eurasian Soil Science 2, 119–125 (1950) (in Russian).
  16. Kovda, V.A., Samoilova, E.M., “On the possibility of determining the age of hydromorphic soils by CaCO3 content”, Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences 152 (5), 1201–1203 (1963) (in Russian).
  17. Krasilnikov, P.V., “Sola incognita: unresolved problems of genetic soil science”, Bull. of Moscow University. Series 17: Soil Science 4, 4–13 (2023) (in Russian).
  18. Liverovsky, A.I., Sokolov, I.A., Targulian, V.O., “On the principles of soil-profile and soil-genetic terminology”, Eurasian Soil Science 5, 114–122 (1973) (in Russian).
  19. Lobova, E.V., Khabarov, A.V., Soils (Moscow: Mysl’, 1983) (in Russian).
  20. Makarov, O.A., Features of Soil Development and Functioning: Monograph (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2025) (in Russian).
  21. Makeyev, O.V., “Cryogenic processes and phenomena in soils (regarding the article by Sokolov et al.)”, Eurasian Soil Science 6, 3–14 (1981) (in Russian).
  22. Novikov, A.M., Novikov, D.A., Methodology: Dictionary of the System of Basic Concepts (Moscow: Librokom, 2013) (in Russian).
  23. Prasolov, L.I., “On the chernozem of the Azov steppes”, Eurasian Soil Science 1, 23–46 (1916) (in Russian).
  24. Rode, A.A., Theoretical Problems of Soil Science and Questions of Soil Genesis. Selected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow: Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2008) (in Russian).
  25. Sibirtsev, N.M., Selected Works, vols 1, 2 (Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953) (in Russian).
  26. Sokolov, I.A., “On the diversity of forms of hydromorphic non-gley soil formation”, Eurasian Soil Science 2, 5–18 (1980) (in Russian).
  27. Sokolov, I.A., “Basic soil geographic-genetic concepts and terms”, Eurasian Soil Science 12, 3–15 (1976) (in Russian).
  28. Targulian, V.O., “Soil formation and elementary soil-forming processes”, Eurasian Soil Science 11, 36–45 (1985) (in Russian).
  29. Targulian, V.O., Bronnikova, M.A., “Soil memory: theoretical foundations of the concept, current state and development prospects”, Eurasian Soil Science 3, 259–275 (2019) (in Russian).
  30. Explanatory Dictionary of Soil Science (Moscow: Nauka, 1975) (in Russian).
  31. Tonkonogov, V.D., Automorphic Soil Formation in the Tundra and Taiga Zones of the East European and West Siberian Plains (Moscow: Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 2010) (in Russian).
  32. Fedorova, N.M., “On the problem of soil cryogenesis”, Eurasian Soil Science 2, 19–30 (1974) (in Russian).

References

  1. Bogatyrev, L.G., Benediktova, A.I., Zemskov, F.I., Demin, V.V., Karpukhin, M.M., “Scientific continuity in Russian soil science”, Eurasian Soil Science 9, 1187–1198 (2022) (in Russian).
  2. Vernadsky, V.I., Selected Works on the History of Science (Moscow: Nauka, 1981) (in Russian).
  3. Vernadsky, V.I., Collected Works: in 24 vols. Еd. by E.M. Galimov (Moscow: Nauka, 2013) (in Russian).
  4. Williams, V.R., Collected Works: in 12 vols (Moscow: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1951) (in Russian).
  5. Vtyurin, B.I., Vtyurina, E.A., “Principles of classification of lithocryogenic processes and phenomena”, Geomorphology 3, 13–22 (1980) (in Russian).
  6. Giedroyć, K.K., The Theory of Soil Absorption Capacity (Moscow: Gosselkhozizdat, 1929) (in Russian).
  7. Gerasimov, I.P., “FAO–UNESCO world soil units in the light of the concept of elementary soil processes (ESP)”, Eurasian Soil Science 4, 3–15 (1980) (in Russian).
  8. Gerasimov, I.P., “Experience in genetic diagnostics of USSR soils based on elementary soil processes”, Eurasian Soil Science 5, 19–32 (1975) (in Russian).
  9. Gerasimov, I.P., “Elementary soil processes as a basis for genetic soil diagnostics”, Eurasian Soil Science 5, 102–114 (1973) (in Russian).
  10. Glazovskaya, M.A., “On the problem of the relative age of subaerial mountain-meadow and mountain-forest soils of the Tien Shan”, Eurasian Soil Science 12, 1423–1435 (2005) (in Russian).
  11. Glazovskaya, M.A., Parfenova, E.I., ” B.B. Polynov’s role in the development of modern soil science (on the 100th anniversary of his birth)”, Eurasian Soil Science 4, 3–12 (1977) (in Russian).
  12. Humic Substances in the Biosphere: Proc. of the VII All-Russian Sci. Conf., Moscow, December 04–08, 2018 (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2018) (in Russian).
  13. Ivanov, V.V., Bogatyrev, L.G., “On the characterization of the gleying process in tundra soils”, Bull. of Moscow University. Series 16: Biol. 6, 72–77 (1970) (in Russian).
  14. Ilichev, B.A., “Distinctive morphological features of pale-podzolic soils”, Eurasian Soil Science 1, 23–31 (1981) (in Russian).
  15. Kovda, V.A., “Controversial and indisputable issues (a response to B.V. Fedorov)”, Eurasian Soil Science 2, 119–125 (1950) (in Russian).
  16. Kovda, V.A., Samoilova, E.M., “On the possibility of determining the age of hydromorphic soils by CaCO3 content”, Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences 152 (5), 1201–1203 (1963) (in Russian).
  17. Krasilnikov, P.V., “Sola incognita: unresolved problems of genetic soil science”, Bull. of Moscow University. Series 17: Soil Science 4, 4–13 (2023) (in Russian).
  18. Liverovsky, A.I., Sokolov, I.A., Targulian, V.O., “On the principles of soil-profile and soil-genetic terminology”, Eurasian Soil Science 5, 114–122 (1973) (in Russian).
  19. Lobova, E.V., Khabarov, A.V., Soils (Moscow: Mysl’, 1983) (in Russian).
  20. Makarov, O.A., Features of Soil Development and Functioning: Monograph (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2025) (in Russian).
  21. Makeyev, O.V., “Cryogenic processes and phenomena in soils (regarding the article by Sokolov et al.)”, Eurasian Soil Science 6, 3–14 (1981) (in Russian).
  22. Novikov, A.M., Novikov, D.A., Methodology: Dictionary of the System of Basic Concepts (Moscow: Librokom, 2013) (in Russian).
  23. Prasolov, L.I., “On the chernozem of the Azov steppes”, Eurasian Soil Science 1, 23–46 (1916) (in Russian).
  24. Rode, A.A., Theoretical Problems of Soil Science and Questions of Soil Genesis. Selected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow: Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2008) (in Russian).
  25. Sibirtsev, N.M., Selected Works, vols 1, 2 (Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953) (in Russian).
  26. Sokolov, I.A., “On the diversity of forms of hydromorphic non-gley soil formation”, Eurasian Soil Science 2, 5–18 (1980) (in Russian).
  27. Sokolov, I.A., “Basic soil geographic-genetic concepts and terms”, Eurasian Soil Science 12, 3–15 (1976) (in Russian).
  28. Targulian, V.O., “Soil formation and elementary soil-forming processes”, Eurasian Soil Science 11, 36–45 (1985) (in Russian).
  29. Targulian, V.O., Bronnikova, M.A., “Soil memory: theoretical foundations of the concept, current state and development prospects”, Eurasian Soil Science 3, 259–275 (2019) (in Russian).
  30. Explanatory Dictionary of Soil Science (Moscow: Nauka, 1975) (in Russian).
  31. Tonkonogov, V.D., Automorphic Soil Formation in the Tundra and Taiga Zones of the East European and West Siberian Plains (Moscow: Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 2010) (in Russian).
  32. Fedorova, N.M., “On the problem of soil cryogenesis”, Eurasian Soil Science 2, 19–30 (1974) (in Russian).