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Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 47, no 4
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Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 47, no 4

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DOI

10.29003/m4985.0514-7468.2025_47_4/514-526

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Authors:

Zaripova, A.A., Taranets, I.P., Popova, L.V.

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Keywords:

protected natural areas (PNA), history of the creation of protected natural areas in Russia and China.

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Zaripova, A.A., Taranets, I.P., Popova, L.V., “Development of the system of protected natural areas in China: what does it have in common with Russia?”, Zhizn Zemli [Life of the Earth] 47, no 4, 514–526. (2025) DOI: 10.29003/m4985.0514-7468.2025_47_4/514-526.

Development of the system of protected natural areas in China: what does it have in common with Russia?

The article presents a comparative analysis of the development of the system of protected natural areas (PNA) in China and our country. PNA in China began to form in the middle of the 20th century following the example of the USSR, that is, with the creation of nature reserves with a strict protection regime. In the late 1960s, China saw a suspension in the development of the PNA system and even its partial reorganization, which was also typical for our country a decade earlier. Since the end of the 20th century and to the present, both in Russia and China, the PNA system has been actively developing – the number of protected areas is increasing and they are being restructured in accordance with the categories of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Список литературы

  1. Akhmadbaev, A.M., “Partnership between Russia and China in the environmental sphere”, Russia in the global world 23 (46), 69–81 (2022) (in Russian).
  2. State report “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2020” (Moscow: Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, 2021) (in Russian).
  3. Dezhkin, V.V., Boreyko, V.E., Danilina, N.R., Likhatsky, Yu.P., Reserved nature: for us and our descendants (Moscow, Logata, 2000) (in Russian).
  4. Dezhkin, V.V., Popova, L.V., A textbook “Principles of biological environmental management” (Moscow, Modus-K – Eterna, 2005) (in Russian).
  5. Drobyshev, Yu.I., “On the typology of medieval reserves in Central and Central Asia”, Turkological collection (Moscow, Publishing company “Oriental Literature” RAS, 2005) (in Russian) (https://djvu.online/file/Ars8hXyzoZOkk?ysclid=matv02z4e0572306691).
  6. Zavidovskaya, E.A., Collection of archival documents “Cultural relations between the USSR and China in 1949–1960”, East Asia: facts and analytics 3, 127–135 (2024) (in Russian).
  7. The IUCN Green List. China (https://iucngreenlist.org/country/china).
  8. Ministry of Natural Resources: A plan for cooperation between protected areas of Russia and China for the conservation of rare cats has been adopted: the project includes the creation of a cross–border reserve (https://www.mnr.gov.ru/press/news/prinyat_plan_sotrudnichestva_oopt_rossii_i_kitaya_po_sokhraneniyu_redkikh_koshek_v_proekte_sozdanie_/?ysclid=mar8yi8l3d914907654).
  9. Rednikova, T.V., Kudelkin, N.S., Ma, Xin, “State Policy of Russia and the People’s Republic of China in the field of environmental protection of the Arctic: prospects for international and bilateral cooperation”, Int. Law and Int. Organizations 2, 17–31 (2018) (in Russian).
  10. Russian Geographical Society. Russia and China have created the world’s first cross-border leopard and tiger reserve (https://rgo.ru/activity/redaction/news/rossiya-i-kitay-sozdali-pervyy-v-mire-transgranichnyy-rezervat-dlya-leoparda-i-tigra/?ysclid=mar8zrhods610398853).
  11. Zhang, Guangsheng, Ecological tourism and its role in preserving the environment of protected natural areas. PhD abstract (Moscow, 2000) (in Russian).
  12. Shtilmark, F.R., Historiography of Russian nature reserves (1895–1995) (Moscow, Logata, 1996) (in Russian).
  13. Du, Qun, “Review and Prospect of the Construction of the Rule of Law in China’s Protected Areas”, J. of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Social Sciences Edition 36 (1), 32–47 (2023).
  14. Gao, J., Xu, M., Zou, C., “The 70-year development history and effectiveness of China’s protected areas”, China Environ. Management 11, 25–29 (2019).
  15. “Guiding Opinions on the Establishment of a System of Natural Protected Areas with National Parks as the Main Body”, Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China General Office of the State Council. 2019 (https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-06/26/content_5403497.htm).
  16. Jia, J., “The characteristics of formation, development and evolution of National Protected Areas in China”, Int. J. of Geoheritage and Parks 7, 24–32 (2019) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2577444119300243)/
  17. Li, Binbin V., Pimm, Stuart L., “Now China expanded its protected areas to conserve biodiversity”, Current Biology 30 (16), 1331–1360 (2020) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220313567).
  18. Tang, X., “Nature Reserves in China-From History to the future”, Forests and humans 11 (2016) (https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b169a82a47bda44b2b84ba0f055bbc2&site=xueshu_se).
  19. Xie, Z., “China’s historical evolution of environmental protection along with the forty years’ reform and opening-up”, Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 1 (2020) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666498419300018).
  20. Xu, J-L., Sun, G., Liu, Y., “Diversity and Complexity in the Forms and Functions of Protected Areas in China”, J. of Int. Wildlife Law and Policy 17 (3) (2014) (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266800080_Diversity_and_Complexity_in_the_Forms_and_Functions_of_Protected_Areas_in_China).
  21. Zhan, Q., Furuya, K., Tang, X., Li, Z., “Policy Development in China’s Protected Scenic and Historic Areas”, Land 13 (2) (2024) (https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/13/2/220).

References

  1. Akhmadbaev, A.M., “Partnership between Russia and China in the environmental sphere”, Russia in the global world 23 (46), 69–81 (2022) (in Russian).
  2. State report “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2020” (Moscow: Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, 2021) (in Russian).
  3. Dezhkin, V.V., Boreyko, V.E., Danilina, N.R., Likhatsky, Yu.P., Reserved nature: for us and our descendants (Moscow, Logata, 2000) (in Russian).
  4. Dezhkin, V.V., Popova, L.V., A textbook “Principles of biological environmental management” (Moscow, Modus-K – Eterna, 2005) (in Russian).
  5. Drobyshev, Yu.I., “On the typology of medieval reserves in Central and Central Asia”, Turkological collection (Moscow, Publishing company “Oriental Literature” RAS, 2005) (in Russian) (https://djvu.online/file/Ars8hXyzoZOkk?ysclid=matv02z4e0572306691).
  6. Zavidovskaya, E.A., Collection of archival documents “Cultural relations between the USSR and China in 1949–1960”, East Asia: facts and analytics 3, 127–135 (2024) (in Russian).
  7. The IUCN Green List. China (https://iucngreenlist.org/country/china).
  8. Ministry of Natural Resources: A plan for cooperation between protected areas of Russia and China for the conservation of rare cats has been adopted: the project includes the creation of a cross–border reserve (https://www.mnr.gov.ru/press/news/prinyat_plan_sotrudnichestva_oopt_rossii_i_kitaya_po_sokhraneniyu_redkikh_koshek_v_proekte_sozdanie_/?ysclid=mar8yi8l3d914907654).
  9. Rednikova, T.V., Kudelkin, N.S., Ma, Xin, “State Policy of Russia and the People’s Republic of China in the field of environmental protection of the Arctic: prospects for international and bilateral cooperation”, Int. Law and Int. Organizations 2, 17–31 (2018) (in Russian).
  10. Russian Geographical Society. Russia and China have created the world’s first cross-border leopard and tiger reserve (https://rgo.ru/activity/redaction/news/rossiya-i-kitay-sozdali-pervyy-v-mire-transgranichnyy-rezervat-dlya-leoparda-i-tigra/?ysclid=mar8zrhods610398853).
  11. Zhang, Guangsheng, Ecological tourism and its role in preserving the environment of protected natural areas. PhD abstract (Moscow, 2000) (in Russian).
  12. Shtilmark, F.R., Historiography of Russian nature reserves (1895–1995) (Moscow, Logata, 1996) (in Russian).
  13. Du, Qun, “Review and Prospect of the Construction of the Rule of Law in China’s Protected Areas”, J. of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Social Sciences Edition 36 (1), 32–47 (2023).
  14. Gao, J., Xu, M., Zou, C., “The 70-year development history and effectiveness of China’s protected areas”, China Environ. Management 11, 25–29 (2019).
  15. “Guiding Opinions on the Establishment of a System of Natural Protected Areas with National Parks as the Main Body”, Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China General Office of the State Council. 2019 (https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-06/26/content_5403497.htm).
  16. Jia, J., “The characteristics of formation, development and evolution of National Protected Areas in China”, Int. J. of Geoheritage and Parks 7, 24–32 (2019) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2577444119300243)/
  17. Li, Binbin V., Pimm, Stuart L., “Now China expanded its protected areas to conserve biodiversity”, Current Biology 30 (16), 1331–1360 (2020) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220313567).
  18. Tang, X., “Nature Reserves in China-From History to the future”, Forests and humans 11 (2016) (https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=8b169a82a47bda44b2b84ba0f055bbc2&site=xueshu_se).
  19. Xie, Z., “China’s historical evolution of environmental protection along with the forty years’ reform and opening-up”, Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 1 (2020) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666498419300018).
  20. Xu, J-L., Sun, G., Liu, Y., “Diversity and Complexity in the Forms and Functions of Protected Areas in China”, J. of Int. Wildlife Law and Policy 17 (3) (2014) (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266800080_Diversity_and_Complexity_in_the_Forms_and_Functions_of_Protected_Areas_in_China).
  21. Zhan, Q., Furuya, K., Tang, X., Li, Z., “Policy Development in China’s Protected Scenic and Historic Areas”, Land 13 (2) (2024) (https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/13/2/220).